Which organisms are commonly associated with plant disease?

The correct answer includes bacteria, viruses, fungi, and nematodes as the organisms commonly associated with plant diseases.

Bacteria are known to cause a wide range of diseases in plants, often resulting in symptoms like wilting, leaf spots, and cankers. Certain bacterial infections can lead to significant agricultural losses.

Viruses, while typically less complex than bacteria, can also severely affect plant health by stunting growth and causing mottling or yellowing of leaves. They can be transmitted by insect vectors or through mechanical means.

Fungi are one of the most prevalent groups associated with plant diseases and can cause various issues such as root rot, leaf blight, and mildew. Fungal infections can be devastating, affecting both the plant’s health and crop yield.

Nematodes, though they are microscopic roundworms, also play a significant role in plant diseases. They can cause damage by feeding on the roots and can lead to stunted growth, poor crop quality, and increased susceptibility to other pathogens.

The other options include organisms that either do not usually cause diseases or include those that primarily affect plants in different ways. For example, while insects can be pests that damage plants, they are not pathogens themselves and thus are not commonly classified as organisms